Patient information

Short explanations of common eye tests, symptoms and treatments.

Tom Liba, M.D.

Ophthalmology resident at Wolfson Hospital

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Illustrative eye examination instrument in a clinic setting — Illustrative image

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61 topics

Eye tests

What is an OCT scan?

A non invasive light based scan of the retina, optic nerve or cornea.

Eye tests

Corneal topography

A map of the corneal surface used to detect irregular shape and plan care.

Eye tests

Visual field test

A test that looks for missing areas in side or central vision.

Eye tests

Fluorescein angiography

A retinal blood vessel imaging test that uses fluorescent dye.

Eye conditions

Dry eye syndrome

Common symptoms, risk factors and treatment approaches for dry eye.

Eye conditions

Keratoconus

A corneal condition that changes the shape and clarity of vision.

Eye conditions

Uveitis

Inflammation inside the eye that can have many causes.

Ophthalmology topics

Oculoplastics

Eyelids, tear ducts, brows and the tissues around the eye.

Treatments and surgery

Eye laser treatments

Laser can be used for several retinal, glaucoma and lens related conditions.

Ophthalmology topics

Neuro ophthalmology

Vision problems related to the optic nerve, eye movements and the brain.

Ophthalmology topics

Children's eyes and strabismus

Eye exams in children, lazy eye, glasses and eye alignment.

Ophthalmology topics

Retinal diseases

Macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, vein occlusion and retinal detachment.

Treatments and surgery

Preparing for cataract surgery

What cataract is, how surgery is considered and what preoperative testing checks.

Eye conditions

Glaucoma

Glaucoma damages the optic nerve.

Eye conditions

Cataract

Cataract clouds the natural lens, most often with aging; injury, illness and medicines can contribute..

Eye conditions

Ptosis

Ptosis is a low upper eyelid, caused by congenital or acquired changes in lifting muscles or nerves.

Eye conditions

Retinal detachment

Retinal detachment separates the retina from supporting tissue.

Eye conditions

Macular hole

A macular hole affects detailed central vision, often through vitreous traction.

Eye conditions

Coats disease

Coats disease involves abnormal leaking retinal vessels, often in one eye in childhood.

Eye conditions

Thyroid eye disease

Thyroid eye disease inflames orbital tissues, often alongside Graves disease.

Eye conditions

Posterior vitreous detachment

Aging vitreous gel may separate from the retina.

Eye conditions

Transient vision loss

Temporary loss in one or both eyes has several possible causes, including vascular disease, migraine and eye or nerve disorders.

Eye conditions

Meningioma and vision

Meningiomas arise from brain coverings.

Eye conditions

Diabetic retinopathy

Diabetes can damage retinal vessels, causing leakage, swelling and abnormal new vessels.

Eye conditions

Epiretinal membrane

An epiretinal membrane forms on the macula and may distort its structure.

Eye conditions

Age related macular degeneration

AMD affects central detailed vision.

Eye conditions

Homonymous hemianopia

This is loss of the same side of the visual field in both eyes from a brain visual pathway lesion..

Eye conditions

Anisocoria

Unequal pupils may be a normal longstanding finding or reflect medicines, injury or nerve disease..

Eye conditions

Optic neuritis

Optic neuritis inflames the optic nerve and can have several inflammatory causes.

Eye conditions

Ischemic optic neuropathy

NAION reflects impaired blood supply to the optic nerve.

Eye conditions

Optic disc drusen

Optic disc drusen are deposits that can make the optic nerve head look elevated.

Eye conditions

Pituitary adenoma and vision

A pituitary adenoma is usually benign but can compress the optic chiasm.

Eye conditions

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

LHON is a mitochondrial genetic optic nerve disease, inherited through the maternal line; not every carrier is affected.

Eye conditions

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension

IIH is raised pressure around the brain after other causes are excluded.

Eye conditions

Myasthenia gravis and the eyes

Myasthenia disrupts nerve to muscle signaling and may cause ptosis and double vision.

Eye conditions

Retinal vein occlusion

A blocked retinal vein causes hemorrhage and swelling in a branch or the central vein.

Eye conditions

Tear duct obstruction

Tear drainage pathways carry tears to the nose.

Eye tests

Eye ultrasound

Sound waves image the eye and orbit, including structures hidden by cloudy media.

Eye tests

ICG angiography

ICG angiography mainly images choroidal vessels and complements fluorescein in selected diseases.

Eye tests

Corneal pachymetry

Pachymetry measures corneal thickness for glaucoma assessment, corneal disease and surgical planning.

Eye tests

Ocular biometry

Biometry measures eye length and corneal curvature to calculate an implant for cataract surgery.

Eye tests

Corneal endothelial cell count

Endothelial cells help keep the cornea clear; imaging evaluates their density and shape.

Eye tests

Fundus autofluorescence

Autofluorescence records natural signals from retinal tissues to assess selected retinal disorders.

Eye tests

Color eye photography

Color photographs document the front of the eye or fundus for comparison over time.

Eye tests

OCT angiography

OCTA uses repeated optical scans to map retinal and choroidal blood flow without dye injection.

Treatments and surgery

Cataract surgery

Surgery is considered when cataract affects function; other eye disease influences expected benefit.

Treatments and surgery

Blepharoplasty

Excess eyelid skin or fat may affect the visual field or appearance; assessment distinguishes skin excess from ptosis.

Treatments and surgery

Ptosis repair

Repair depends on visual impact, age and the cause of eyelid droop; children need amblyopia assessment.

Treatments and surgery

Tear drainage surgery (DCR)

Tear drainage blockage may cause watering or recurrent infection; examination checks other causes of watering..

Treatments and surgery

Vitrectomy

Vitrectomy treats selected retinal detachments, holes, membranes or vitreous hemorrhage.

Treatments and surgery

Scleral buckling

A scleral buckle repairs selected retinal detachments based on the tear pattern.

Treatments and surgery

Trabeculectomy

Trabeculectomy lowers pressure when glaucoma needs stronger control or other options are insufficient.

Treatments and surgery

Laser iridotomy

Iridotomy is considered for selected narrow or closed drainage angles, not every glaucoma type.

Treatments and surgery

GATT glaucoma surgery

GATT lowers pressure in selected glaucomas depending on angle anatomy and the pressure target.

Treatments and surgery

Photodynamic therapy

PDT combines a light sensitive medicine with targeted light for selected retinal or choroidal disorders.

Treatments and surgery

Retinal laser treatment

Retinal laser treats selected tears or abnormal vessels; it differs from refractive laser surgery.

Treatments and surgery

Intravitreal injections

Intravitreal medicine treats conditions such as wet AMD and retinal swelling from diabetes or vein occlusion.

Treatments and surgery

Corneal transplantation

Transplantation is considered when corneal disease cannot be adequately treated with lenses or medication.

Treatments and surgery

Scleral contact lenses

Large scleral lenses rest on the white of the eye and vault over an irregular cornea.

Treatments and surgery

Punctal plugs

Plugs reduce tear drainage in selected dry eye cases, depending on inflammation and tear deficiency.

Treatments and surgery

IPL for dry eye

IPL uses light pulses for selected meibomian gland dysfunction and evaporative dry eye.

Tom Liba, M.D.

Contact

For questions and further information, you can contact me by email.

tomliba1996@gmail.com